//=======================================================================
// Copyright 2008
// Author: Matyas W Egyhazy
//
// Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See
// accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at
// http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
//=======================================================================

#ifndef BOOST_GRAPH_METRIC_TSP_APPROX_HPP
#define BOOST_GRAPH_METRIC_TSP_APPROX_HPP

// metric_tsp_approx
// Generates an approximate tour solution for the traveling salesperson
// problem in polynomial time. The current algorithm guarantees a tour with a
// length at most as long as 2x optimal solution. The graph should have
// 'natural' (metric) weights such that the triangle inequality is maintained.
// Graphs must be fully interconnected.

// TODO:
// There are a couple of improvements that could be made.
// 1) Change implementation to lower uppper bound Christofides heuristic
// 2) Implement a less restrictive TSP heuristic (one that does not rely on
//    triangle inequality).
// 3) Determine if the algorithm can be implemented without creating a new
//    graph.

#include <vector>

#include <boost/shared_ptr.hpp>
#include <boost/concept_check.hpp>
#include <boost/graph/graph_traits.hpp>
#include <boost/graph/graph_as_tree.hpp>
#include <boost/graph/adjacency_list.hpp>
#include <boost/graph/prim_minimum_spanning_tree.hpp>
#include <boost/graph/lookup_edge.hpp>
#include <boost/throw_exception.hpp>

namespace boost
{
    // Define a concept for the concept-checking library.
    template <typename Visitor, typename Graph>
    struct TSPVertexVisitorConcept
    {
    private:
        Visitor vis_;
    public:
        typedef typename graph_traits<Graph>::vertex_descriptor Vertex;

        BOOST_CONCEPT_USAGE(TSPVertexVisitorConcept)
        {
            Visitor vis(vis_);  // require copy construction
            Graph g(1);
            Vertex v(*vertices(g).first);
            vis_.visit_vertex(v, g); // require visit_vertex
        }
    };

    // Tree visitor that keeps track of a preorder traversal of a tree
    // TODO: Consider migrating this to the graph_as_tree header.
    // TODO: Parameterize the underlying stores o it doesn't have to be a vector.
    template<typename Node, typename Tree> class PreorderTraverser
    {
    private:
        std::vector<Node>& path_;
    public:
        typedef typename std::vector<Node>::const_iterator const_iterator;

        PreorderTraverser(std::vector<Node>& p) : path_(p) {}

        void preorder(Node n, const Tree&)
        { path_.push_back(n); }

        void inorder(Node, const Tree&) const {}
        void postorder(Node, const Tree&) const {}

        const_iterator begin() const { return path_.begin(); }
        const_iterator end() const { return path_.end(); }
    };

    // Forward declarations
    template <typename> class tsp_tour_visitor;
    template <typename, typename, typename, typename> class tsp_tour_len_visitor;

    template<typename VertexListGraph, typename OutputIterator>
    void metric_tsp_approx_tour(VertexListGraph& g, OutputIterator o)
    {
        metric_tsp_approx_from_vertex(g, *vertices(g).first,
            get(edge_weight, g), get(vertex_index, g),
            tsp_tour_visitor<OutputIterator>(o));
    }

    template<typename VertexListGraph, typename WeightMap, typename OutputIterator>
    void metric_tsp_approx_tour(VertexListGraph& g, WeightMap w, OutputIterator o)
    {
        metric_tsp_approx_from_vertex(g, *vertices(g).first,
            w, tsp_tour_visitor<OutputIterator>(o));
    }

    template<typename VertexListGraph, typename OutputIterator>
    void metric_tsp_approx_tour_from_vertex(VertexListGraph& g,
        typename graph_traits<VertexListGraph>::vertex_descriptor start,
        OutputIterator o)
    {
        metric_tsp_approx_from_vertex(g, start, get(edge_weight, g),
            get(vertex_index, g), tsp_tour_visitor<OutputIterator>(o));
    }

    template<typename VertexListGraph, typename WeightMap,
        typename OutputIterator>
    void metric_tsp_approx_tour_from_vertex(VertexListGraph& g,
    typename graph_traits<VertexListGraph>::vertex_descriptor start,
        WeightMap w, OutputIterator o)
    {
        metric_tsp_approx_from_vertex(g, start, w, get(vertex_index, g),
            tsp_tour_visitor<OutputIterator>(o));
    }

    template<typename VertexListGraph, typename TSPVertexVisitor>
    void metric_tsp_approx(VertexListGraph& g, TSPVertexVisitor vis)
    {
        metric_tsp_approx_from_vertex(g, *vertices(g).first,
            get(edge_weight, g), get(vertex_index, g), vis);
    }

    template<typename VertexListGraph, typename Weightmap,
        typename VertexIndexMap, typename TSPVertexVisitor>
    void metric_tsp_approx(VertexListGraph& g, Weightmap w,
        TSPVertexVisitor vis)
    {
        metric_tsp_approx_from_vertex(g, *vertices(g).first, w,
            get(vertex_index, g), vis);
    }

    template<typename VertexListGraph, typename WeightMap,
        typename VertexIndexMap, typename TSPVertexVisitor>
    void metric_tsp_approx(VertexListGraph& g, WeightMap w, VertexIndexMap id,
        TSPVertexVisitor vis)
    {
        metric_tsp_approx_from_vertex(g, *vertices(g).first, w, id, vis);
    }

    template<typename VertexListGraph, typename WeightMap,
        typename TSPVertexVisitor>
    void metric_tsp_approx_from_vertex(VertexListGraph& g,
    typename graph_traits<VertexListGraph>::vertex_descriptor start,
        WeightMap w, TSPVertexVisitor vis)
    {
        metric_tsp_approx_from_vertex(g, start, w, get(vertex_index, g), vis);
    }

    template <
        typename VertexListGraph,
        typename WeightMap,
        typename VertexIndexMap,
        typename TSPVertexVisitor>
    void metric_tsp_approx_from_vertex(const VertexListGraph& g,
                                       typename graph_traits<VertexListGraph>::vertex_descriptor start,
                                       WeightMap weightmap,
                                       VertexIndexMap indexmap,
                                       TSPVertexVisitor vis)
    {
        using namespace boost;
        using namespace std;

        BOOST_CONCEPT_ASSERT((VertexListGraphConcept<VertexListGraph>));
        BOOST_CONCEPT_ASSERT((TSPVertexVisitorConcept<TSPVertexVisitor, VertexListGraph>));

        // Types related to the input graph (GVertex is a template parameter).
        typedef typename graph_traits<VertexListGraph>::vertex_descriptor GVertex;
        typedef typename graph_traits<VertexListGraph>::vertex_iterator GVItr;

        // We build a custom graph in this algorithm.
        typedef adjacency_list <vecS, vecS, directedS, no_property, no_property > MSTImpl;
        typedef graph_traits<MSTImpl>::edge_descriptor Edge;
        typedef graph_traits<MSTImpl>::vertex_descriptor Vertex;
        typedef graph_traits<MSTImpl>::vertex_iterator VItr;

        // And then re-cast it as a tree.
        typedef iterator_property_map<vector<Vertex>::iterator, property_map<MSTImpl, vertex_index_t>::type> ParentMap;
        typedef graph_as_tree<MSTImpl, ParentMap> Tree;
        typedef tree_traits<Tree>::node_descriptor Node;

        // A predecessor map.
        typedef vector<GVertex> PredMap;
        typedef iterator_property_map<typename PredMap::iterator, VertexIndexMap> PredPMap;

        PredMap preds(num_vertices(g));
        PredPMap pred_pmap(preds.begin(), indexmap);

        // Compute a spanning tree over the in put g.
        prim_minimum_spanning_tree(g, pred_pmap,
             root_vertex(start)
            .vertex_index_map(indexmap)
            .weight_map(weightmap));

        // Build a MST using the predecessor map from prim mst
        MSTImpl mst(num_vertices(g));
        std::size_t cnt = 0;
        pair<VItr, VItr> mst_verts(vertices(mst));
        for(typename PredMap::iterator vi(preds.begin()); vi != preds.end(); ++vi, ++cnt)
        {
            if(indexmap[*vi] != cnt) {
                add_edge(*next(mst_verts.first, indexmap[*vi]),
                         *next(mst_verts.first, cnt), mst);
            }
        }

        // Build a tree abstraction over the MST.
        vector<Vertex> parent(num_vertices(mst));
        Tree t(mst, *vertices(mst).first,
            make_iterator_property_map(parent.begin(),
            get(vertex_index, mst)));

        // Create tour using a preorder traversal of the mst
        vector<Node> tour;
        PreorderTraverser<Node, Tree> tvis(tour);
        traverse_tree(0, t, tvis);

        pair<GVItr, GVItr> g_verts(vertices(g));
        for(PreorderTraverser<Node, Tree>::const_iterator curr(tvis.begin());
            curr != tvis.end(); ++curr)
        {
            // TODO: This is will be O(n^2) if vertex storage of g != vecS.
            GVertex v = *next(g_verts.first, get(vertex_index, mst)[*curr]);
            vis.visit_vertex(v, g);
        }

        // Connect back to the start of the tour
        vis.visit_vertex(*g_verts.first, g);
    }

    // Default tsp tour visitor that puts the tour in an OutputIterator
    template <typename OutItr>
    class tsp_tour_visitor
    {
        OutItr itr_;
    public:
        tsp_tour_visitor(OutItr itr)
            : itr_(itr)
        { }

        template <typename Vertex, typename Graph>
        void visit_vertex(Vertex v, const Graph&)
        {
            BOOST_CONCEPT_ASSERT((OutputIterator<OutItr, Vertex>));
            *itr_++ = v;
        }

    };

    // Tsp tour visitor that adds the total tour length.
    template<typename Graph, typename WeightMap, typename OutIter, typename Length>
    class tsp_tour_len_visitor
    {
        typedef typename graph_traits<Graph>::vertex_descriptor Vertex;
        BOOST_CONCEPT_ASSERT((OutputIterator<OutIter, Vertex>));

        OutIter iter_;
        Length& tourlen_;
        WeightMap& wmap_;
        Vertex previous_;

        // Helper function for getting the null vertex.
        Vertex null()
        { return graph_traits<Graph>::null_vertex(); }

    public:
        tsp_tour_len_visitor(Graph const&, OutIter iter, Length& l, WeightMap map)
            : iter_(iter), tourlen_(l), wmap_(map), previous_(null())
        { }

        void visit_vertex(Vertex v, const Graph& g)
        {
            typedef typename graph_traits<Graph>::edge_descriptor Edge;

            // If it is not the start, then there is a
            // previous vertex
            if(previous_ != null())
            {
                // NOTE: For non-adjacency matrix graphs g, this bit of code
                // will be linear in the degree of previous_ or v. A better
                // solution would be to visit edges of the graph, but that
                // would require revisiting the core algorithm.
                Edge e;
                bool found;
                boost::tie(e, found) = lookup_edge(previous_, v, g);
                if(!found) {
                    BOOST_THROW_EXCEPTION(not_complete());
                }

                tourlen_ += wmap_[e];
            }

            previous_ = v;
            *iter_++ = v;
        }
    };

    // Object generator(s)
    template <typename OutIter>
    inline tsp_tour_visitor<OutIter>
    make_tsp_tour_visitor(OutIter iter)
    { return tsp_tour_visitor<OutIter>(iter); }

    template <typename Graph, typename WeightMap, typename OutIter, typename Length>
    inline tsp_tour_len_visitor<Graph, WeightMap, OutIter, Length>
    make_tsp_tour_len_visitor(Graph const& g, OutIter iter, Length& l, WeightMap map)
    { return tsp_tour_len_visitor<Graph, WeightMap, OutIter, Length>(g, iter, l, map); }

} //boost

#endif // BOOST_GRAPH_METRIC_TSP_APPROX_HPP